African Human Rights System
This page compiles the key legal instruments of the African human rights system, related to enforced disappearances. It also lists relevant Soft Law, Enforcement Mechanisms and Relevant Search Engines. Click the links below to be taken to the relevant section to find more information.
Key Legal Instruments
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Entry into Force: 21 October, 1986
Ratification Status: 54
Link: https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-human-and-peoples-rights (in English and French)
Relevant provisions:
Article 4 – Right to Life
Human beings are inviolable. Every human being shall be entitled to respect for his life and the integrity of his person. No one may be arbitrarily deprived of this right.
Article 5 – Prohibition of Torture and Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment
Every individual shall have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being and to the recognition of his legal status. All forms of exploitation and degradation of man particularly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment and treatment shall be prohibited.
Article 6 – Right to Personal Liberty and Protection from Arbitrary Arrest
Every individual shall have the right to liberty and to the security of his person. No one may be deprived of his freedom except for reasons and conditions previously laid down by law. In particular, no one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained.
Article 7 – Right to a Fair Trial
1. Every individual shall have the right to have his cause heard. This comprises:
- (a) the right to an appeal to competent national organs against acts of violating his fundamental rights as recognized and guaranteed by conventions, laws, regulations and customs in force;
- (b) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty by a competent court or tribunal;
- (c) the right to defense, including the right to be defended by counsel of his choice;
- (d) the right to be tried within a reasonable time by an impartial court or tribunal.
2. No one may be condemned for an act or omission which did not constitute a legally punishable offence at the time it was committed. No penalty may be inflicted for an offence for which no provision was made at the time it was committed. Punishment is personal and can be imposed only on the offender.
Article 18 – Protection of the Family and Vulnerable Groups
1. The family shall be the natural unit and basis of society. It shall be protected by the State which shall take care of its physical health and moral.
2. The State shall have the duty to assist the family which is the custodian or morals and traditional values recognized by the community.
3. The State shall ensure the elimination of every discrimination against women and also ensure the protection of the rights of the woman and the child as stipulated in international declarations and conventions.
4. The aged and the disabled shall also have the right to special measures of protection in keeping with their physical or moral needs.
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
Entry into Force: 29 November, 1999
Ratification Status: 41
Link: https://au.int/en/treaties/african-charter-rights-and-welfare-child (in English and French)
Relevant provisions:
Article 16 – Protecton against Child Abuse and Torture
1. State Parties to the present Charter shall take specific legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment and especially physical or mental injury or abuse, neglect or maltreatment including sexual abuse, while in the care of the child.
2. Protective measures under this Article shall include effective procedures for the establishment of special monitoring units to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the care of the child, as well as other forms of prevention and for identification, reporting referral investigation, treatment, and follow-up of instances of child abuse and neglect.
Article 18 – Protection of the Family
1. The family shall be the natural unit and basis of society. It shall enjoy the protection and support of the State for its establishment and development.
2. State Parties to the present Charter shall take appropriate steps to ensure equality of rights and responsibilities of spouses with regard to children during marriage and in the event of its dissolution. In case of the dissolution, provision shall be made for the necessary protection of the child.
3. No child shall be deprived of maintenance by reference to the parents’ marital status.
Article 22 – Armed Conflicts
1. State Parties to this Charter shall undertake to respect and ensure respect for rules of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts which affect the child.
2. State Parties to the present Charter shall take all necessary measures to ensure that no child shall take a direct part in hostilities and refrain in particular, from recruiting any child.
3. State Parties to the present Charter shall, in accordance with their obligations under international humanitarian law, protect the civilian population in armed conflicts and shall take all feasible measures to ensure the protection and care of children who are affected by armed conflicts. Such rules shall also apply to children in situations of internal armed conflicts, tension and strife.
Article 29 – Sale, Trafficking and Abduction
State Parties to the present Charter shall take appropriate measures to prevent:
- 1. the abduction, sale of, or traffic in children for any purpose or in any form, by any person including parents or legal guardians of the child;
- 2. the use of children in all forms of begging.
Soft Law
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
- Guidelines on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances in Africa
- General Comment No. 4: The Right to Redress for Victims of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Punishment or Treatment (Article 5)
- General Comment No. 3 On the African Charter On Human And Peoples’ Rights: The Right To Life (Article 4)
- Principles and Guidelines on Human and Peoples’ Rights while Countering Terrorism in Africa
- Study on Transitional Justice and Human and Peoples’ Rights in Africa
- Resolution on the Drafting of Guidelines for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances in Africa – ACHPR/Res. 448 (LXVI) 2020
African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
Enforcement Mechanisms
- African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (including Working Group on Death Penalty, Extra-Judicial, Summary or Arbitrary Killings and Enforced Disappearances in Africa)
- African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
- African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child